| Vol-2978 urn:nbn:de:0074-2978-2 Copyright © 2021 for the individual papers by the papers' authors. Copyright © 2021 for the volume as a collection by its editors. This volume and its papers are published under the Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

# ECSA-C 2021
Companion Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Software Architecture

### ECSA 2021 Companion Volume

### Virtual (originally: Växjö, Sweden), 13-17 September, 2021.

Edited by

### Robert Heinrich *
Raffaela Mirandola **
Danny Weyns ***

* Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Informatics, Am Fasanengarten 5, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
** Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Via Golgi 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
*** Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Computer Science, Celestijnenlaan 200 A, 3001 LEUVEN, Belgium and Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden

PREFACE ECSA 2021 COMPANION VOLUME
The European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA) is the premier European conference that provides researchers and practitioners with a platform to present and discuss the most recent, innovative, and significant findings and experiences in the field of software architecture research and practice. Due to COVID-19, this edition of ECSA, originally planned in Växjö, Sweden, was held virtually during September 13–17, 2021 with participating researchers and practitioners from all over the world. Along with the main track with research and industry papers, the conference featured various events and tracks including a Doctoral Symposium, a Diversity, Equity and Inclusion track, and a Tools & Demos track. In addition, this year ECSA featured a Journal-First track partnering with the Journal of Software and Systems and the IEEE Software Magazine. Traditionally, the ECSA program included a number of workshops, six in this edition of ECSA. The conference program also included two tutorials. The dual aim of these events was to explore new trends and support researchers in the early stages of their careers. A total of 54 papers were submitted to the various tracks from which 45 papers were accepted. We are grateful to the members of the Organizing Committee who helped us in the organization of the conference, to the workshop organizers, to the tutorials speakers, and to all the members of the program committees that have made possible the organization of ECSA in this particular period.
Raffaela Mirandola and Danny Weyns, General Chairs of ECSA 2021

## Table of Contents

## ECSA 2021 Tracks

### Industry Track Short Papers

- Preface
- Towards Automated Support for Blended Modelling of UML-RT Embedded Software Architectures
  Malvina Latifaj, Federico Ciccozzi, Mattias Mohlin, Ernesto Posse
- Applicability of Machine Learning Architectural Patterns in Vehicle Architecture: A Case Study
  Vasilii Mosin, Darko Durisic, Miroslaw Staron
- OpEx Driven Software Architecture A Case Study
  Sebastien Andreo, Ambra Calà, Jan Bosch
- Hybrid-Cloud SQL Federation System at Twitter
  Chunxu Tang, Beinan Wang, Huijun Wu, Zhenzhao Wang, Yao Li, Vrushali Channapattan, Zhenxiao Luo, Ruchin Kabra, Mainak Ghosh, Nikhil Kantibhai Navadiya, Prachi Mishra

### Journal First Track

- Preface
- Summary: A Functional Safety Assessment Method for Cooperative Automotive Architecture (short paper)
  Sangeeth Kochanthara, Niels Rood, Arash Khabbaz Saberi, Loek Cleophas, Yanja Dajsuren, Mark van den Brand
- Summary: Architecture Design Evaluation of PaaS Cloud Applications using Generated Prototypes (short paper)
  David Gesvindr, Ondrej Gasior, Barbora Buhnova
- Summary: Identifying Architectural Technical Debt, Principal and Interest in Microservices – A Multiple-Case Study (short paper)
  Saulo S. de Toledo, Antonio Martini, Dag I.K. Sjøberg
- Summary: A Domain Specific-Model and DevOps Approach for Big Data Analytics Architectures (short paper)
  Camilo Castellanos, Carlos A. Varela, Dario Correal
- Summary: Building and Evaluating a Theory of Architectural Technical Debt in Software-Intensive Systems (short paper)
  Roberto Verdecchia, Philippe Kruchten, Patricia Lago, Ivano Malavolta

### Doctoral Symposium

- Preface
- Architectural Access Control Policy Refinement and Verification under Uncertainty (short paper)
  Sebastian Hahner
- Co-evolving Digital Architecture Twins (short paper)
  Sven Jordan
- Design and Analysis of Self-protection: Adaptive Security for Software-Intensive Systems (short paper)
  Charilaos Skandylas
- Sketches and Natural Language in Agile Modeling (short paper)
  Dominik Fuchß
- Automated Scheduling of Multi-Robot System Missions: An Architectural Perspective (short paper)
  Gricel Vazquez
- Model-Driven Reverse Engineering of Technology-Induced Architecture for Quality Prediction (short paper)
  Yves R. Kirschner
- A Model-Driven Approach for Formally Verifying SysML-Based Dynamic Software Architectures (short paper)
  Camila Araújo
- Enhancing System Quality Attributes via Microservices Adoption (short paper)
  Roberta Capuano

### Tools and Demonstrations Track

- Preface
- Gabble: Managing Integration Knowledge in IoT-Systems with Logical Reasoning (short paper)
  Fabian Burzlaff, Maurice Ackel, Christian Bartelt
- ATDx: A tool for Providing a Data-driven Overview of Architectural Technical Debt in Software-intensive Systems (short paper)
  Sebastian Ospina, Roberto Verdecchia, Ivano Malavolta, Patricia Lago
- Gropius-VSC: IDE Support for Cross-Component Issue Management (short paper)
  Sandro Speth, Niklas Krieger, Uwe Breitenbücher, Steffen Becker

## Workshops and Tutorials

PREFACE ECSA 2021 WORKSHOPS AND TUTORIALS
Software architecture researchers and practitioners were invited to submit proposals for workshops and tutorials to be held in conjunction with ECSA 2021. ECSA 2021 received six workshop proposals and two tutorial proposals, that were all accepted after a review by the ECSA 2021 workshops/tutorials committee.
The main goal of the workshops was to offer collaborative forums for practitioners and researchers to exchange and explore innovative software architecture ideas and challenges at an early stage. Suggested topics of interest included software architecture issues for AI- and ML-based systems, self-adaptive systems, cyber-physical systems, big data and cloud computing, IoT-based systems, blockchain engineering, sustainable architectures, context-aware (including autonomous and "smart") architecture, architecture erosion, as well as topics related to Quality-of-service (QoS) measurements (including privacy and security properties). Each workshop had its own organizing committee, program committee, and paper solicitation, review and selection process. Papers for proceedings were selected following a peer-review process organized by each workshop.
In addition, ECSA edition 2021 hosted tutorials on topics related to software architecture from theoretical foundations to practical applications. The main goal of tutorials at ECSA was to provide an opportunity for conference participants to expand their knowledge and skills in specific research and practical topics related to software architecture.
We express our sincere appreciation to the members of the ECSA 2021 workshops/tutorials committee who reviewed proposals and provided valuable feedback.
Matthias Galster and Patrizia Scandurra, Workshops/Tutorials Chairs of ECSA 2021

### SAEroCon: 8th Workshop on Software Architecture Erosion and Architectural Consistency

- Preface
- A Comparison of Machine Learning-Based Text Classifiers for Mapping Source Code to Architectural Modules
  Alexander Florean, Laoa Jalal, Zipani Tom Sinkala, Sebastian Herold
- Cost-Aware Migration to Functions-as-a-Service Architecture
  Adam Stafford, Farshad Ghassemi Toosi, Anila Mjeda
- What is in a Name? An Analysis of Associations Among Java Packaging and Artifact Names
  Farshad Ghassemi Toosi, Anila Mjeda
- Studying Expert Initial Set and Hard to Map Cases in Automated Code-to-Architecture Mappings (short paper)
  Tobias Olsson, Morgan Ericsson, Anna Wingkvist
- Hard Cases in Source Code to Architecture Mapping using Naive Bayes
  Tobias Olsson, Morgan Ericsson, Anna Wingkvist
- A Preliminary Study on the Use of Keywords for Source Code to Architecture Mappings
  Tobias Olsson, Morgan Ericsson, Anna Wingkvist
- Modeling, Visualizing, and Checking Software Architectures Collaboratively in Shared Virtual Worlds
  Rainer Koschke, Marcel Steinbeck
- Towards Hierarchical Code-to-Architecture Mapping Using Information Retrieval
  Zipani Tom Sinkala, Sebastian Herold

### SAML: 1st International Workshop on Software Architecture and Machine Learning

- Preface
- Mapping Program Elements to Layers using Centrality Measures and Machine Learning Techniques
  Sanjay B Thakre, Arvind W Kiwelekar
- Developing a Software Reference Architecture for Journalistic Knowledge Platforms
  Marc Gallofré Ocaña, Andreas L. Opdahl
- A Microservices Architecture for Machine Learning Assisted Decision Support in a Real-Time Field Sensors Environment (short paper)
  Giovanni De Gasperis, Giuseppe Della Penna, Sante Dino Facchini
- Self-Adaptation for Machine Learning Based Systems
  Maria Casimiro, Paolo Romano, David Garlan, Gabriel A. Moreno, Eunsuk Kang, Mark Klein

### CASA: 4th Context-aware, Autonomous and Smart Architectures International Workshop

- Preface
- Towards Novel and Intentional Cooperation of Diverse Autonomous Robots: An Architectural Approach
  Niko Mäkitalo, Simo Linkola, Tomi Laurinen, Tomi Männistö
- Preemptive Anomaly Prediction in IoT Components (short paper)
  Alhassan Boner Diallo, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Tatsuhiro Tsuchiya
- A Vision to identify Architectural Smells in Self-Adaptive Systems using Behavioral Maps (short paper)
  Edilton Lima dos Santos, Sophie Fortz, Gilles Perrouin, Pierre-Yves Schobbens
- A Probabilistic Model for Personality Trait Focused Explainability
  Mohammed N. Alharbi, Shihong Huang, David Garlan
- A Framework for Adaptive Context and User-Related Management of Multimedia Contents (short paper)
  Mariagrazia Fugini, Jacopo Finocchi, Elisa Rossi

### FAACS: 5th International Workshop on Formal Approaches for Advanced Computing Systems

- Preface
- Scenario-based Resilience Evaluation and Improvement of Microservice Architectures: An Experience Report
  Sebastian Frank, Alireza Hakamian, Lion Wagner, Dominik Kesim, Jóakim von Kistowski, André van Hoorn

### MDE4SA: 2nd International Workshop on Model-Driven Engineering for Software Architecture

- Preface
- Ensuring threat-model assumptions by using static code analyses
  Johannes Geismann, Bastian Haverkamp, Eric Bodden
- Towards Holistic Modeling of Microservice Architectures Using LEMMA
  Florian Rademacher, Jonas Sorgalla, Philip Wizenty, Simon Trebbau

### MSR4SA: 1st International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories for Software Architecture

- Preface
- Design Choices in Building an MSR Tool: The Case of Kaiaulu (short paper)
  Carlos Paradis, Rick Kazman
- Two Different Facets of Architectural Smells Criticality: An Empirical Study
  Ilaria Pigazzini, Davide Foppiani, Francesca Arcelli Fontana

### Tutorials

- Identifying Confidentiality Violations in Architectural Design Using Palladio (short paper)
  Stephan Seifermann, Maximilian Walter, Sebastian Hahner, Robert Heinrich, Ralf Reussner
- Simulation of Software Architectures of Smart Ecosystems: Theory and Practice (short paper)
  Valdemar Vicente Graciano Neto, Wallace Manzano, Pablo Oliveira Antonino, Elisa Yumi Nakagawa

2021-09-15: submitted by Robert Heinrich, metadata incl. bibliographic data published under Creative Commons CC0
2021-10-12: published on CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org, ISSN 1613-0073) |valid HTML5|